The Beginnings of a New Democratic <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Nepal?<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
一个新民主主义尼泊尔的诞生
March 18, 2007
2007年3月18日
by John Mage and Bernard D'Mello
作者：约翰·马格
伯纳德·德梅洛
翻译：红石
Over the last year, as the world watched Nepal making a significant and qualitative break with its past, the EPW too was planning a special issue. For the two of us, having come of political age in the 1960s and 1970s, an aphorism of those times that still lingers, "no investigation, no right to speak," may have been behind our joint decision to visit Nepal in February, to put our fingers to the pulse of things. A "people's war" that lasted 11 years led by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), the CPN(M), as well as the Jan Andolan in April last year, brought about profound shifts in the balance of power in national politics. The 238-year old feudal monarchy has been marginalised, a preliminary step towards laying the foundations for a democratic republic. The Nepali Maoists, for their part, are practising another one of those 20th-century aphorisms: "to rebel is justified." They had waged a just war by raising an army -- the people's liberation army (PLA) -- ingrained with the democratic tradition of building close ties with the common people. Their strategy required the establishment of "base areas" in rural Nepal, which have now been heralded as representative of a new Nepal in the making. It was in this context that we decided to trek in Rolpa, located in mid-west Nepal, one of the first base areas in the people's war.
去年，当全世界注视着尼泊尔经历巨变的时候，《经济与政治周报》也在计划着一项非凡任务。我们两个曾经历过1960和1970年代的人，在那个时代的一句名言，“没有调查，就没有发言权，”的驱使下，共同决定在今年2月走访尼泊尔，亲自触摸一下这个国家。尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）领导的持续了10年的人民战争和去年4月的人民运动使这个国家的政治力量对比发生了质变。存在238年的封建君主制被边缘化，尼泊尔正在一步步走向一个民主共和国。对于尼泊尔毛主义者，他们正在实践着20世纪另一句格言：“造反有理。”他们发动一场正义的战争，培育出一支同人民群众血肉相连的民主军队—尼泊尔人民解放军。他们的战略是在尼泊尔农村建立根据地，现在那里已经展现出一个新尼泊尔的社会面貌。正是因为如此，我们决定先去位于尼泊尔中西部的罗尔帕县，那里是人民战争期间最早建立的根据地之一。
As is by now well known, the CPN(M) has altered its strategy of a protracted people's war, although the party's goal is still the establishment of a people's republic of Nepal. It is now concentrating on ushering in a democratic republic, with a multiparty democracy within a constitutional framework that is anti-feudal and anti-imperialist, and requiring extensive reorganisation of state power to resolve problems related to class, gender, caste, and nationality/region. Under the UN's monitoring mission, the PLA units have stored and sealed their arms and ammunition and have confined themselves to temporary camps/cantonments in the run-up to elections to a new constituent assembly. The Nepal Army (NA), too, has been confined to the barracks and a similar quantity of its arms stored and sealed. The Maoists have even agreed to dismantle the people's governments in their base areas; they are now represented in the interim legislature and their entry into the interim cabinet appears imminent.
现在众所周知，尼泊尔共产党（毛主义）已经改变了持久人民战争的战略，但是党的目标依旧是建立一个尼泊尔人民共和国。尼共（毛主义）目前是通过一种在反帝反封建的宪法框架内，采用多党民主的方式，实现对国家机器的根本改造，以解决阶级，性别，种姓和民族/地区等问题。在联合国的监督下，尼泊尔人民解放军部队封存了他们武器和弹药，并且呆在临时营地中迎接制宪会议的选举。尼泊尔国军同样呆在军营里，封存了同样数量的武器。毛主义者已经同意解散他们在根据地的人民政府；他们现在已经加入了临时立法会议并即将加入临时政府。
We set out to understand developments in the base area of Rolpa in the Magarat region, where the Maoists have claimed, according to one of their spokespersons [Parvati 2005], to have undermined the feudal base of the state, setting up mobile, locally-based people's courts, people's councils at the regional (under the Magarat autonomous region), district, village and ward levels, and also a local militia to ensure public security. There have also been moves to reconstruct the economy, importantly, with a socialist orientation, and the initial foundations for progressive changes in the areas of health, education, and culture have been laid. The obvious question in our minds was that, with the end of armed conflict in sight, but with the tasks of the revolution still unfinished, what would be the fate of these progressive changes that remain in their formative stages. At another level, our trek through Rolpa brought us in touch with a spectacular landscape and a rich culture. One could talk of the beauty of the hills, the pine trees amidst winter giving way to spring, but that brings us to the dilemma of the poet in hard times, expressed so well by Bertolt Brecht (in "To Posterity"): "Ah, what an age it is/When to speak of trees is almost a crime/For it is a kind of silence about injustice." So that's what chalked out our trek.
我们逐渐了解到马格拉特地区的罗尔帕根据地的发展过程，据一位毛主义发言人介绍，他们打坏了这一地区的封建制度，建立了包括自治区（马格拉特自治区），县，村等各级流动的人民法庭和人民会议，并且由当地游击队负责公共安全。此外，根据地还进行了具有社会主义经济萌芽性质的经济重建，卫生，教育和文化设施也初步建立起来，这些都反映了根据地的进步变革。不过，我们仍然存在疑问，武装斗争虽然结束，但是革命的任务并没有完成，这些革命成果在今后的日子中能否继续保持。另外，在罗尔帕我们亲身感受到尼泊尔那迷人的景色和丰富的文化。当谈论那里壮美的山川，冬去春来时的劲松，不能不把我们引入诗歌之中。我联想到伯陶特·布雷特在《为了子孙后代》中的诗句：“啊，这是怎样的时代呀/当谈论树木时也成了犯罪/对于邪恶只能保持沉没。”这或许能表达我们旅行时的心境。